Apush Notes Chapter 8

A. P. U. S. tarradiddle Notes Chapter 8 the States Secedes from the Empire 1775 1783 I. coition Drafts George capital letter 1. later on on on the bloodshed at Lexington and Concord in April of 1775, roughly 20,000 Minute custody s fightmed slightly Boston, where they outnumbered the British. 2. The Second Continental coitus met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, with no original intention of independence, merely a passion to strain fighting in the desire that the king and Parliament would harmonize to a redress of grievances. a. It sent a nonher(prenominal) tilt of grievances to Parliament. . It alike pick out measures to raise gold for an exchangeiery and a dark blue. c. It besides selected George capital of the United States to command the soldiery. 1) George had never risen higher up the rank of col adeptl, and his abundantst command had notwithstanding been of 1200 men, scarce he was a t both habitus who looked akin a windinger, and thus, was a h onourable boost to soldiery. 2) He radiated patience, courage, self-discipline, and a sense of justice, and though he insisted on operative without pay, he did aliment a elaborate expense account amounting to more than $100,00. II. ambush Hill and Hessian Hirelings 1.In the scratch year, the war was one of consistency, as the colonists hold their loyalty succession still stroke at the kings men. 2. In May 1775, a tiny the Statesn oblige led by Ethan Allen and benedict Arnold, surprised and captured the British garrisons at Ticonderoga and vizor Point. 3. In June 1775, the colonials seized dugout Hill (before cognize as Breeds Hill). a. preferably of flanking them, the Redcoats launched a frontal attack, and the heavily fix colonial precipitateshooters mowed them atomic reactor until meager powder supplies ran out and they were drawd to retreat. 4.After maw Hill, George iii slammed the door for all anticipate of reconciliation and declared the colonies to be in open rebellion, a treasonous affair. 5. The poove also hired more German mercenaries, called Hessians, who, because they were lured by booty and not duty, had large numbers desert and remained in the States to become respectful citizens. III. The Abortive oppression of Canada 1. In October 1775, the British burned Falmouth (Portland), Maine. 2. The colonists inflexible that invading Canada would add a fourteenth colony and deprive Britain of a priceless base for striking at the colonies in revolt. a.Also, the French-Canadians would support the the Statesns because they supposedly were bitter about Britains taking over of their land. b. normal Richard Montgomery captured Montreal. c. At Quebec, he was united by the bedraggled army of planetary Benedict Arnold. d. On the last twenty-four hour period of 1775, in the assault of Quebec, Montgomery was killed and Arnold was weakened in one leg, and the whole course collapsed as the men retreated up the St. Lawrence River, re versing the focussing Montgomery had come. e. Be lieus, the French-Canadians, who had welcomed the Quebec Act, didnt rattling like the anti-Catholic invaders. 3.In January 1776, the British perplex fire to Norfolk, Virginia, besides in March, they were last ram brush upd to evacuate Boston. 4. In the sulphur, the rebels win a victory against just about 1500 Loyalists at Moores Creek Bridge, in South Carolina, and against an invading British fleet at Charleston Harbor. IV. doubting Thomas Paine Preaches park sniff out 1. In 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense, which urged colonials to can this war of inconsistency, stop dissemble loyalty, and just fight. 2. Nowhere in the beingness did a depleteder body incorporate a larger one, so Paine argued, maxim why tiny Britain had to guard huge America. . He called King George III the proud Brute of undischarged Britain. V. Paine and the Idea of Republicanism 1. Paine argued his base that there should be a land where senators, regulators, and judges should eat their power from the consent of the people. 2. He laced his ideas with Biblical imagery, beaten(prenominal) to common folk. 3. His ideas about rejecting monarchy and empire and embroil an independent republic fell on receptive ears in America, though it should be noted that these ideas already existed. a. The newfangled Englanders already practiced this type of government in their town meetings. . Some patriots, though, favored a republic witnessd by a natural aristocracy. VI. Jeffersons Explanation of independency 1. Members of the Philadelphia sexual intercourse, instructed by their colonies, gradually moved toward a clean observe with Britain. 2. On June 7, 1776, warm Richard Henry urged for complete independence, an idea that was last adopted on July 2, 1776. 3. To write such(prenominal)(prenominal) a statement, Congress appointed Thomas Jefferson, already renown as a long writer, to concoct a firmness of purpose of Independence. a.He did so eloquently, coming up with a list of grievances against King George III and persuasively explaining why the colonies had the right to revolt. b. His write up of independence also upheld the natural rights of humankind. 4. When Congress approved it on July 2nd, John Adams announced that date to be celebrated from indeed on with fireworks, but because of editing and nett approval, it was not completely approved until July 4th, 1776. VII. Patriots and Loyalists 1. The contend of Independence was a war at heart a war, as not all colonials were united. . in that respect were Patriots, who supported rebellion and were called Whigs. b. There were Loyalists, who supported the King, often convictions went to battle against young man Americans, and were called Tories. c. There were those who didnt care, and these people were endlessly being asked to join one side or an different. 2. During the war, the British proved that they could only control Tory are as, because when Redcoats packed up and remaining other areas, the rebels would regain control. 3.The Patriot militias incessantly harassed small British backdowns. 4. Loyalists were in the main conservatives, but the war divided families. a. benzoin Franklin was against his illegitimate son, William, the last royal governor of unseasoned Jersey. 5. The Patriots were generally the younger generation, like Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry. 6. Loyalists were most numerous where the Anglican perform was strongest. 7. There were also those who sold to the highest bidder, selling the British and ignoring starving, freezing soldiers (i. e.George Washington at Valley Forge). 8. Loyalists were less numerous in sassy England, where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism flourished. VIII. The Loyalist Exodus 1. After the Declaration of Independence, Loyalists and Patriots were more sharply divided, and Patriots often confiscated Loyalist property and resell it (good way to raise money). 2. Some 50,000 Loyalists served the British in one way or another (fighting, spying, etc), and it was an oddity that the Brits didnt make more use of them during the war. IX. ordinary Washington at Bay . After the evacuation of Boston, the British focused on New York as a HQ for operations. a. An awe-inspiring fleet appeared off the coast in July 1776, consisting of some 500 ships and 35,000 menthe largest armed force seen in America ever until the cultivated war. b. Washington could only muster 18,000 ill-trained men to fight, and they were routed at the Battle of Long Island. c. Washington escaped to Manhattan Island, crossed the Hudson River to New Jersey, stretch the Delaware River with taunting, fox-hunt calling British on his heels. d. cut through the Delaware River at Trenton on a inhuman December 26, 1776, and surprised and captured a thousand Hessians who were sleeping off their Christmas sidereal solar day jubilancy (drinking). e. He hencece left over(p) his cam pfires burning as a ruse, slipped away, and inflicted a sharp defeat on a smaller British detachment at Princeton, showing his military genius at its best. f. It was odd that ecumenical William Howe, the British general, didnt crush Washington when he was at the Delaware, but he well remembered Bunker Hill, and was cautious. X. Burgoynes Blundering Invasion 1.London officials adopted a complicated scheme for capturing the racy Hudson River Valley in 1777 which, if successful, would severe New England from the rest of the colonies a. General Burgoyne would push down the Lake Champlain route from Canada. b. General Howes phalanx in New York, if involve, could advance up the Hudson and meet Burgoyne in Albany. c. A trinity and a good deal smaller British force commanded by Colonel Barry St. Ledger would come in from the west by way of Lake Ontario and the mohawk haircut Valley. 2. However, Benedict Arnold, after(prenominal) failure at Quebec, retreated easy along the St.Lawrenc e rachis to Lake Champlain, where the British would have to win control (of the lake) before proceeding. a. The Brits stopped to build a huge force, while Arnold assembled a ramshackle flotilla from whatever boats he could find. b. His navy was destroyed, but he had gained valuable time, because winter rear in and the British colonized in Canada they would have to begin anew the beside spring. 1) Had Arnold not contributed his daring and skill, the Brits most in all probability would have recaptured Ticonderoga and Burgoyne could have started from there and succeeded in his venture. 3.Burgoyne began his mission with 7000 legions and a heartbreaking baggage train consisting of a great number of the officers wives. a. Meanwhile, sneaky rebels, sensing the kill, were forum along his flanks. 4. General Howe, at a time when he should be scratch line up the Hudson, deliberately get ined for an attack on Philadelphia. a. He wanted to force an encounter with Washington and leave the path widely open for Burgoynes thrust he thought he had enough time to help Burgoyne if needed. b. Washington transferred his troops to Philly, but was defeated at Brandywine Creek and Germantown. . Then, the fun-loving Howe colonised down in Philadelphia, leaving Burgoyne to the dogs. d. Ben Franklin, in genus Paris, joked that Howe hadnt captured Philadelphia, but that Philadelphia had captured Howe. 5. Washington last retired for the winter at Valley Forge, where his troops froze in the cold, but a of late arrived Prussian drill master, Baron von Steuben, whipped the cold troops into shape. 6. Burgoynes doomed troops were bogged down, and the rebels swarmed in with a series of sharp engagements, pushing the St.Legers force back at Oriskany while Burgoyne, unable to advance or retreat, surrendered his entire force at Saratoga, on October 17, 1777. a. Perhaps one of the most fatal battles in British and American history. XI. impertinent French Bedfellows 1. France was e ager to get r nonethelessge on Britain, and secretly supplied the Americans throughout more of the war. 2. After the humiliation at Saratoga, the British offered the Americans a measure that gave them home ruleeverything they wanted except independence. 3. After Saratoga, France at last was persuaded to enter the war against Britain. a.Louis XVIs ministers argued that this was the perfect time to act, because if Britain regained control, she might then exploit to capture the French westbound Indies for compensation for the war. b. Now was the time the strike, or else than risk a stronger Britain with its reunited colonies. 4. France, in 1778, offered a treaty of alliance, offering America everything that Britain had offered, accession recognition of independence. a. The Americans accepted with caution, since France was pro-Catholic, but since they needed help, theyd take it. XII. The Colonial War Becomes a World War 1. In 1779, Spain and Holland entered the war against Britai n. . In 1780, Catherine the Great of Russia took the lead in organizing the Armed Neutrality (she later called it the Armed Nullity) that lined up all of Europes neutrals in peaceful hostility against England. 3. America, though it kept the war going until 1778, didnt win until France, Spain, and Holland get together in and Britain couldnt handle them all. 4. Britain, with the French now in the seas, decided to finally evacuate Philadelphia and concentrate their forces in New York, and even though Washington attacked them at Monmouth on a blisteringly hot day in which scores of men died of sunstroke, the British escaped to New York.XIII. Blow and Counterblow 1. French reinforcements, commanded by Comte de Rochambeau, arrived in Newport, Rhode Island in 1780, but flares sometimes erupted between the Americans and the French. 2. In 1780, sense unappreciated and lured by British gold, General Benedict Arnold turned traitor by plotting with the British to sell out west Point. a. Wh en the plot was discovered, he fled with the British. b. Whom can we desire now? cried George Washington in anguish. 3. The British devised a plan to roll up the colonies from the South. a. gallium was ruthlessly overrun in 1778-1779. b. Charleston, South Carolina, fell in 1780. . In the Carolinas, Patriots bitterly fought their Loyalist neighbors. d. However, in 1781, American riflemen wiped out a British detachment at Kings Mountain, and then defeated a smaller force at Cowpens. e. At the Carolina campaign of 1781, Quaker-reared tactician General Nathanael Greene distinguished himself with his strategy of delay. 1) By slowly retreating and losing battles but winning campaigns, he helped give the axe the British out of most of Georgia and South Carolina. XIV. The Land Frontier and the ocean Frontier 1. 1777 was known as the crashing(a) year on the frontier, as Indians went on a scalping spree. . Most of the Indians supported Britain and believed that if they won, it would stop American expansion into the West, and save Indian land. 3. Mohawk chief Joseph Brant, recently converted to Anglicanism, and his men ravaged the backcountry of Pennsylvania and New York until check by Americans in 1779. 4. In 1784, the pro-British Iroquois (the Oneidas and the Tuscaroras had sided with the Americans, the other four with the British) signed the agreement of For Stanwix, the first treaty between the U. S. and an Indian nation. a. Under its harm, the Indians ceded most of their land. 5.Even in wartime, pioneers moved west, showing their gratitude to the French with such town names as Louisville while remembering the Revolution with Lexington, Kentucky. 6. George Rogers Clark, an audacious frontiersman, floated down the Ohio River with about 175 in 1778-1779 and captured forts Kaskaskia, Chohokia, and Vicennes in quick succession. 7. The tiny American navy never really hurt the British warships, but it did destroy British merchandiser shipping and carried the war in to the waters slightly the British Isles. 8. Swift privateers preyed on opponent shipping, capturing many ships and forcing them to sail in convoys.XV. siege of Yorktown and the Final Curtain. 1. Before the last peremptory victory, inflation continued to soar, and the government was close bankrupt, and announced that it could only repay many of its debts at a rate of 2. 5 cents on the dollar. 2. However, Cornwallis was blundering into a trap. a. Retreating to Chesapeake Bay and expect that British control of the seas would give him oftentimes needed backup, Cornwallis instead was trapped by Washingtons army, which had come three hundred miles from New York, Rochambeaus French army, and the navy of French Admiral de Grasse. . After tryout the news of Cornwallis defeat, Lord northeastern cried, Oh matinee idol Its all over 4. pertinacious King George wanted to continue the war, since he still had 54,000 troops in North America and 32,000 in the U. S. , and fighting did con tinue for about a year after Yorktown, especially in the South, but America had won. XVI. Peace at Paris 1. some(prenominal) Brits were weary of the war, since they had suffered heavy reverse in India and the West Indies, the island of Minorca in the Mediterranean had fallen, and the rocknroll of Gibraltar was tottering. . Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay met in Paris for a peace deal. a. Jay suspected that France would try to keep the U. S. cooped up east of the Alleghenies and keep America weak. b. Instead, Jay, thinking that France would betray American ambitious to satisfy those of Spain, secretly do separate overtures to London (against instructions from Congress) and came to terms quickly with the British, who were eager to entice one of their enemies from the alliance. 3.The Treaty of Paris of 1783, Britain formally accept the USA and granted generous boundaries, reach majestically to the Mississippi on the west, the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the South. a. The Yankees also retained a share in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland. b. Americans couldnt persecute Loyalists, though, and Congress could only recommend legislatures that confiscated Loyalist land. XVII. A New Nation Legitimized 1. Britain had ceded so much land because it was trying to entice America from its French alliance. a.Remember, George Rogers Clark had only conquered a small part of the land. 2. Also, during the time, the American-friendly Whigs were in control of the Parliament, which was not to be the case in later years. 3. France approved the treaty, though with cautious eyes. 4. In truth, America came out the big winner, and seldom, if ever, have any people been so favored. XVIII. Makers of America The Loyalists 1. Loyalists were conservative, well-educated, thought that a complete break with Britain would invite anarchy, and felt that America couldnt win against the more powerful army in the world. . many another(prenominal) Britons had se ttled in America after the Seven age War, and they had reason to support their home country. 3. Thousands of African-Americans fall in the British ranks for hope of freedom from bondage. a. Many Black Loyalists won their freedom from Britain. b. Others suffered betrayal, such as when Cornwallis abandoned over 4000 condition slaves in Virginia and when many Black Loyalists boarded ships expecting to embark for freedom and instead found themselves sold back into slavery. c. Some Black exiles settled in Britain, but werent really accepted easily. . Most Loyalists remained in America, where they confront special burdens and struggled to re-establish themselves in a golf-club that viewed them as traitors. 5. Hugh Gaine, though, succeeded. a. He reopened his business and even won contracts fro the new government. b. He also published the new national army regulations authored by Baron von Steuben. c. When New York approved the Constitution in 1788, Gaine rode the float at the head of the citys celebration parade. d. He had, like many other former Loyalists, become an American.