How to Write a 5 Paragraph Essay

1 I. How to Recognize Plagiarism1 Overview In order to avoid plagiarism, you must give credit when You use another person's ideas, opinions, or theories. You use facts, statistics, graphics, drawings, music, etc. , or any other type of information that does not comprise common knowledge. You use quotations from another person's spoken or written word. You paraphrase another person's spoken or written word. 1 Begin the writing process by stating your ideas; then go back to the author's origina l work. Use quotation marks and credit the source (author) when you copy exact wording.Use your own words (paraphrase) instead of copying directly when possible. Even when you paraphrase another author's writings, you must give credit to that author. If the form of citation and reference are not correct, the attribution to the original author is likely to be incomplete. Therefore, improper use of style can result in plagiarism. Get a style manual and use it. 2 II. Formula for an Essay Basically, the writing expected of students in college is of one type that can be used for all disciplines. This handout generally focuses on the basic, â€Å"formulaic† nature of the college level essay and its components.THIS IS THE PROCESS & ITS PRODUCTS: 1. BRAINSTORM: Write down whatever comes to mind about the topic. 2. A. A. : AUDIENCE ATTRACTOR: This is the first sentence of the opening paragraph which catches the reader's attention, an attentiongetting sentence. 3. BACKGROUND SENTENCES: These are the sentences that provide background information about the subject and act to narrow the focus, thereby introducing the thesis. 4. THESIS: This is the sentence that expresses the main idea of the paper. **A thesis may change as the essay matures. ** 5. PROOF SENTENCES (2-3 sentences): Proof sentences support and prove the validity of the thesis. It helps to use a proof sentence as the opening sentence in each body paragraph. In each paragraph, a minimum of four sentences should be wr itten supporting the topic sentence. ) EXAMPLE: SAMPLE TOPIC: The value of a college education. BRAINSTORMING: better job enrichment more pay wider outlook AUDIENCE ATTRACTOR: higher self-esteem People all over the world yearn for an education. 3 BACKGROUND: 1. In the past, many individuals did not have access to an education. 2. History reveals many were forced to perform low-income, manual labor while others reaped the benefits of life. THESIS:Today, a person needs a college education in order to be financially successful in a technologically advanced world. PROOF/SUPPORT SENTENCES: The writer may compose 2-3 proof sentences depending on whether the essay is to be 4 or 5 paragraphs. The model used here includes 2 proof sentences for a 4 paragraph essay. 1. Education is a prerequisite for certain high-paying jobs. 2. In addition, advanced technology, like computers, makes college level training essential. NOTE: Thesis and proof/support sentences can be combined into a single thesis statement which advances the main idea and sketches the arrangement of the roof/support of that thesis. EXAMPLE: Today, a person needs a college education even to start certain high-paying jobs and to be able to use advanced technology in the workplace. OPENING PARAGRAPH: A. A. : People all over the world yearn for an education. BACKGROUND: In the past, many individuals did not have access to an education. History reveals many were forced to perform low-income, manual labor while others reaped the benefits of life. THESIS: Today, a person needs a college education in order to be financially successful in a technologically advanced world.PROOF (SUPPORT) SENTENCES: Education is a prerequisite for certain high-paying jobs. In addition, advanced technology, like computers, makes college level training essential. **PROOF SENTENCES CAN BE PLACED BEFORE OR AFTER THE THESIS. ** 4 FIRST BODY PARAGRAPH: FIRST PROOF SENTENCE REWRITTEN: The pay scale for certain jobs is based on how much educa tion the employee has. (Now, add four or more sentences to support this idea. ) SECOND BODY PARAGRAPH: SECOND PROOF SENTENCE REWRITTEN: Because of computers, sophisticated communications systems, and other technological advances, a general education may not be enough for some of today's jobs. Again, add four or more sentences to support this idea. ) CONCLUSION: The conclusion can be the thesis rewritten and the proof sentences rewritten. Stating one's opinion adds a personal touch. In the conclusion one should never introduce new material. A conclusion usually summarizes or re-emphasizes what has already been discussed in the paper. 5 III. Writing the Five Paragraph Essay INTRODUCTION Motivator, an attention grabbing sentence: Children have many things to learn and to adjust to as they grow up including the awareness of the parts of their bodies. Thesis (Main Idea):Children often do humorous things. Blueprint: They are often humorous in learning to speak, in discovering that all obj ects do not have human characteristics, and in attempting to imitate others. Often, the thesis and blueprint can be combined into a single thesis sentence which advances a main idea and sketches the arrangement of the details which support that main idea (thesis). BODY (SUPPORT & DEVELOPMENT) FIRST CENTRAL PARAGRAPH Topic Sentence: Specific Support: Children are often humorous in learning to speak. My daughter Betsy, mistook â€Å"old tomato† for â€Å"ultimatum. † SECOND CENTRAL PARAGRAPHTopic Sentence: Specific Support: Specific Support: Specific Support: Children â€Å"humanize† the objects around them. A psychologist says children blame balls and chairs as though the things were conscious. When I was a child, I thought the sun was out to get me. Betsy ordered her shoes to climb the stairs. THIRD CENTRAL PARAGRAPH Topic Sentence: Specific Support: Specific Support: Children attempt to imitate what they see. They dress like their parents. My daughter imitated a tantrum a visiting child threw. CONCLUSION Reworded Thesis: Clincher Children are funny creatures to watch. A reminder of the motivator which states that children have a lot of learning and adjusting to do. ) 6 IV. Writing the One Paragraph Essay A PARAGRAPH is a group of sentences that are combined to make a point. Sentences must be tied together in a relationship that gives meaning to the whole. Every ONE-PARAGRAPH ESSAY must contain three main parts: –main idea (topic sentence) –support for the main idea –closing that feels like an ending MAIN IDEA can be proved is worth discussing A MAIN IDEA must have a topic and offer an opinion about the topic. It must be provable, maybe in more than one way.It must be something worth discussing. TOPIC My first grade teacher OPINION influenced my career choice. A sentence that states only a subject, or topic, cannot be a main idea. WITHOUT AN OPINIONATED STATEMENT, there is nothing to PROVE OR ARGUE, nothing worth discu ssing. NOT A MAIN IDEA My first grade teacher was old. A MAIN IDEA without a TOPIC and an OPINION makes a poor foundation for an ESSAY. 7 A NOTE ON PERSONAL AND IMPERSONAL WRITING Some main ideas and some essays are about people and events in our own lives. They are derived from the writer's personal experiences.The writer is prominently featured in this kind of writing. PERSONAL MAIN IDEA-â€Å"My first grade teacher influenced my career choice. † Other MAIN IDEAS do not deal directly with the writer. They are about people, things, and ideas that the writer is thinking about, but they have not necessarily been experienced by the writer personally. IMPERSONAL MAIN IDEA -â€Å"Cold weather was the cause of the Challenger disaster. † SUPPORTING THE MAIN IDEA The main idea states what the writer believes to be true. Once the writer has stated a main idea, he or she must prove that the main idea is plausible. This is done with SUPPORTING IDEAS.Without supporting ideas, the re is no paragraph; there is only a statement of the writer's view or merely his or her opinion. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE can be of many types, including any or all of the following: physical descriptions stories (narrative) examples comparisons discussion or analysis of cause and effect discussion or analysis of a process definitions division of a group into smaller ones statistical evidence quotations from authorities logical and reasonable arguments THE CLOSING OR CONCLUSION Every one-paragraph essay has an effective closing, something that makes the reader feel that the writer is finished.It might be one of the following: –a summary or restatement of the main idea –a conclusion that can be drawn from the proof stated –the repetition of a key phrase from the beginning of the work –a particularly effective supporting detail that feels like an ending 8 V. Writing a Good Three Point Thesis A thesis is: 1. The basic stand you take. 2. Your opinion on a subject. 3. The point you make. 4. The controlling idea. 5. The directing statement of your paper. PERSUADE THE READER THAT YOUR THESIS IS VALID. GENERAL SUBJECT: Education LIMITED SUBJECT: Professor XTHESIS STATEMENT: Professor X is an incompetent teacher. (Your purpose is to back up the statement, to persuade the reader). A THESIS IS NOT A TITLE. OR AN ANNOUNCEMENT. TITLE: The Fad of Divorce THESIS STATEMENT: Too many people get divorced for trivial reasons. ANNOUNCEMENT: My subject is the incompetence of Professor X. THESIS STATEMENT: Professor X is an incompetent teacher. A THESIS IS NOT A STATEMENT OF ABSOLUTE FACT. A good thesis is restricted. A thesis limits or restricts your subject. A thesis keeps the paper from wandering over too great a territory.The more restricted the thesis, the better the chances are for supporting it fully. A GOOD THESIS IS UNIFIED. It expresses ONE MAJOR IDEA about its subject. A good thesis may sometimes include a secondary idea if it is strictly subordina ted to the major one, but without that subordination the writer will have too many ideas to handle. A GOOD THESIS IS SPECIFIC. A GOOD THREE POINT THESIS STATEMENT: Professor X is an incompetent teacher because he grades unfairly, gives tests on materials not covered in his courses, and enjoys threatening students with failing grades. 9 VI. Writing a Good Conclusion ? ? ? ? The conclusion brings the essay to completion and gives the reader a sense of closure. The conclusion is memorable – the writer saves something interesting for the end. The conclusion reminds readers of the thesis or restates it in different words. The conclusion provides a brief but well-worded analysis of the point of the paper. The conclusion ends with a distinctive sentence: it may be a short sentence; it may be an especially well-worded or thoughtful sentence; it may be an image that stays with the readers. Concluding Strategies: End by reflecting on the importance or implications of your thesis.End wi th a call to action. James Baldwin calls for an end to the injustices of racism in his conclusion to Notes of a Native Son: â€Å"One must never, in one's own life, accept these injustices as commonplace but must fight them with all one's strength. † (102) End with a hook. Refer back to an idea, image, or question with which you began your essay. This gives your readers a satisfying sense of closure like a circle coming round. If, for example, you start an essay with a brief story about your mother’s kindness, you can refer back to her kindness in your conclusion.Brian Courtney uses a hook from his title â€Å"Freedom from Choice† when he uses the word â€Å"choose† twice in his conclusion. End with a vivid image or picture that reinforces your thesis and helps readers feel what you mean. End with a quotation that reinforces your thesis in a memorable way. End with a question that leaves readers pondering the significance of your essay. In her essay †Å"Television and Free Time,† Marie Winn argues that television programs what a child experiences. Her last sentence is, â€Å"When, then, is he going to live his real life? † (Winn 155) End by offering a solution to a problem your essay concerns.End by striking a note of reasonable hope that a problem or an issue will get better. End with a prediction that logically follows from your thesis and evidence. 10 Conclusions to Avoid: ? ? Avoid the one-sentence or very short conclusion. Like the one-sentence introduction, the one-sentence conclusion suggests there may be something wrong with the structure of your paper. The conclusion has a real purpose. It is the place where you should evaluate your evidence. In your conclusion you should tell your reader what the evidence means-what insights you draw from your paper.Avoid merely summarizing your paper or restating your thesis. The summary ending is a cliche that is so overused it seems amateurish. Avoid using an overused ph rase, such as â€Å"In conclusion† or â€Å"To sum up. † Try to be original. Avoid drawing attention to yourself instead of drawing attention to your point: â€Å"Now that I have reached the end of this time-consuming paper†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Avoid raising any new or irrelevant subjects in the conclusion. By using effective titles, introductions, and conclusions, you will engage your audience more fully-you will help them pay attention to your thesis and supporting evidence.

Mythology of Today

On the other hand there are many instances that show that Greek mythology still pulses through our veins and in our society; it's only in a efferent form that what how we normally see the Greek myths. The stories we know from history have strong parallels in the currently worshiped religion of Christianity. There are several tales and characters in Greek myth that can be paired with books and people from Christianity. First instance is the old Greek god Prometheus; he was the god whom gave us fire and the knowledge needed to allow mankind to grow and survive.When he did this he was then captured by Zeus and persecuted. His punishment was to be nailed to a rock and every day he'd have a giant eagle eat his liver and regenerate at the setting of each ay to do it again. Prometheus sacrificed himself for the well being of mankind. In a way, this character sound much like Jesus in modern day religion. Jesus was nailed to a cross as a sacrifice for the salvation of mankind. Prometheus is n ot the only one in Greek mythology that can be represented as Jesus, the later added Olympian wine god Dionysus shares some resemblance.Dionysus and Jesus are both the ones who game mankind the gift of wine and encourage a blissful lifestyle. The also both share the archetype of rebirth after death. Dionysus traveled to the underworld to search for his mother homo he never met and didn't know anything about. He wanted to bring her to Olympus since he was now considered a Olympian god. Dionysus went to the underworld to save a person he didn't know. Much like how Jesus went to hell after taking on the sins of all the humans on the earth.Then in a sense both Dionysus and Jesus rose up and were reborn from the place of the lowest level of existence. Almost all have heard the Flood story when Noah built a large boat to save himself, his family, and a pair Of all the animals in the world. Well in Greek mythology, there is also a flood story These religions also share the idea of giants a nd monsters once ruling the earth. In the Greek creation stories there were Cyclopes, Hysterectomies (hundred handlers) and the Titans. In Christianity there is a similar story with giants and large monsters that fight over the power of the world.Not many know of this book from Christian religious text because it was forbidden from the bible: the Book of Enoch. These giants in the bible were called Oenophile; they were half angel, half human, their fathers were renegade angels who fought god in order to help humanity, but in reality only lusted for human women. These beings that sprawled on every corner of the earth. Their appearance was similar to that in the Greek creation story as being these grotesque deformed creatures with great power.In the Book of Enoch, it states that God sent the Flood to dispose of these enormous beings that rivaled in power of god himself, much like how Zeus rivaled his father Crocus or how Crocus rivaled his father Chaos. Not only in common religion is there reminiscence of classical mythologies, they are also advertised, Worn, used, and distributed all over the globe. Almost everyone has used or at least seen an atlas, which was named from he titan that was forced to forever hold the world on his shoulders.Many people have also worn Mike products, the creators named there brand after the Greek god of victory. Then there is the Honda Odyssey and the Volkswagen Goes, named after the ten year long story of Odysseus and the Goddess of Dawn. Our culture even has sayings and terms like the Achilles Heel and having the Midas touch which are famous characters from Greek mythology. There are many more allusions and connections with Greek mythology to our culture. As was shone, Greek mythologies are alive and still a heavy influence on our ultra.Greek terms and names are thrown around everyday even if the meaning is not well known, many have the grand idea without the story behind it. So some people with this knowledge would argue with the belief that mythology is dying out They also are the people who may see the relations between classical mythology and currently worshiped religion. I use to say that mythology is nothing but a forgotten religion, but now I see that its really not all that forgotten. Which is why agree with professor Joseph Campbell when he said that â€Å"Myth is much more important and true than history.

Qualitative Article Review Essay

Purpose The purpose of this article is to show that there is a correlation between dropout rates and teen pregnancy, and to discuss ways to prevent teen pregnancy. The American Promise Alliance evaluated data on school districts that struggle with both poor school completion and high numbers of teen births. They identified 25 schools with the highest dropout and teen pregnancy rates. And they also evaluated school districts with high school completion rates and innovative pregnancy prevention programs to help students avoid early pregnancy and parenthood. The 25 persistently low achieving school districts account for twenty percent of all high school dropouts in the USA. Thirty percent of all teen girls that drop out of school cite pregnancy or parenthood as the reason. Thirty four percent young women who were teen mothers did not earn a diploma or GED. Less than two percent of teen mothers attained a college degree by age 30. School districts with higher school completion rates recognized the correlation between teen pregnancy and school dropout; they initiated programs to address these two high priorities. School districts collaborated with organizations receiving federally funded teen pregnancy prevention grants, such as US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of Adolescent Health’s (OAH), and evidenced based Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program(TPP). Through their collaboration, grantees could use the funds in a variety of evidenced based models to meet the needs of their school, community and the age of the students being served. Description of Participants/Sample The participants in this study were all the teenagers in the USA. All USA students that attended public schools were a part of the data collection. School completion, pregnancy rate and dropout rate data was gathered from every public school in all the US school districts. Research Design/Data Analysis America’s Promise Alliance analyzed data from four reputable sources on teen pregnancy and dropout rates, and identified the school districts with the highest dropout rates. They also analyzed the data on teen birth rates or teen pregnancy rates from these school districts with high dropout rates. Method Diplomas Count 2011, Common Core of Data (CCD), VitalStats and Child Trend were the four sources of data information that was used to examine the number of dropouts and teen births within the 25 persistently lowest achieving school districts. Diplomas Count is a national report from Education Week and Editorial Projects in Education (EPE) Research Center, which provides graduation rates and graduation trends for all the public schools in the USA. Diplomas Count then identifies the 25 persistently lowest achieving school. Data on total school enrollment and enrollment by grade level was extracted from CCD. VitalStats and Child Trends provided data on teen birth rates and numbers. Results The data draws a parallel between high school dropouts and teen births. The data shows the school districts that struggle with poor school completion and high numbers of teen births and how various school districts are tackling these issues. Opportunities for Further Research The America’s Promise Alliance needs to collect more data for evidence that teen pregnancy caused dropouts, rather than just being correlated with dropout rate. After the 25 identified school districts with the high dropout and teen pregnancy rate implemented pregnancy prevention, the Alliance could check back in a year with these school districts to see if the dropout rate changed. Threats to Validity The four sources cited in this study are all very reputable sources that are cited often in the field of education. But although the America’s Promise Alliance spent a lot of discussion regarding the link between dropout rates and teen pregnancy, and suggesting that combating teen pregnancy could lower dropout rates, they ended the article by saying â€Å"readers should note that this data is meant only to draw a parallel between high school dropouts and teen births. No quantitative analysis to examine the statistical significance of the association between these two issues was performed and, therefore, causality should not be inferred.† They spent most of the article talking about things (teen pregnancy and dropout rates) that only made sense if there was causation, and then at the end of the article they retracted this conclusion from the readers. Insight and Criticism Teens getting pregnant while still in school are more likely to drop out of school, but the data in this article does not prove this, but I think it made a strange correlation between the two. There may be other factors that make pregnancy and dropping out more likely. Implications of Findings Thirty percent of teen girls who drop out of school cite pregnancy or parenthood as their reason. The connection between teen pregnancy or teen parenthood and educational attainment is strong. All interested parties in the prospect of these teen parents and their children need to collaborate and develop strategies to reduce the risk of them dropping out of school. References Shuger, L. (2012). Teen pregnancy and High School Dropout: What Communities are Doing to Address These Issues. Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned pregnancy and America’s Promise Alliance. Retrieved November 2012, from www.thenationalcampaign.org/resources/†¦/teen-preg-hs-dropout.pdf

Environmental effects of oil pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Environmental effects of oil pollution - Essay Example The coastal vegetations, tidal forest, and marine ecology are worse hit. It is widely known that oil spills are causing wide-ranging destruction to wild animals and marine life. Hence considerable preparation and rigid laws are required to conquer this huge problem. Attempts are being made to predict the oil spills and their devastating effects, which can curb the menace of oil pollution to some extent. Still, the international community is required to remain more alert and agile. Apparently, the best approach to deal with the detrimental impact of oil spills to the environment is to significantly lessen oil spills. To effectively minimize oil spillage demands appropriate training and effectual planning. Environmental Effects of Oil Pollution Introduction Combustion of fossil fuels is a major problem in the context of today’s environment. This major threat to the environmental sustainability is indeed an indirect result of oil pollution. Oil pollution has direct effects too. T here are numerous sources of oil pollution. Oil pollution can pollute the oceans, seas, soil, and underground water streams. Moreover, combustion of petroleum, gasoline, and diesel causes large scale air pollution. The pollutants in the air again settle into the water bodies and soil with the lapse of time by means of convection, condensation, and rain. Oil pollution due to the oil spills caused by the accidents of oil tankers and rigs is another major threat to the environment. Since the conveyance of crude oil and petroleum is mainly conducted through the waterways, accidents of oil tankers cause huge amounts of oil to get mixed in the waters of the seas and oceans (Fleming 2010). This is the main feature of oil pollution – even through pollution in the soil; the petroleum agents ultimately reach the underground water streams. In the case of the oil spills, varieties of the sea birds and animals are immensely affected. Oil pollution adversely affects the marine ecology, cau sing death to thousands of organisms (Baker 1978). It damages the natural treasures like coral reef and harms the aquatic animals like fishes, plankton, reptiles, etc. Humans can be seriously affected by taking polluted sea food. Moreover, pollution caused by the combustion of petroleum is also highly injurious to human health. In this relation, it can be further mentioned that the economic dimensions of losses due to major oil spills are considerably high (Pezeshki et al. 2000). The economic losses hamper both the industries and the financial expenditure in the various environmental reconstruction processes. Sometimes, the estimation of these losses is rather difficult. In a nutshell, effects of oil pollution are multifaceted and need to be discussed in detail. Literature Review Large scale of oil pollution particularly due to the oil spills and tanker accidents damages the oceans and seas considerably. Not only that, the petroleum agents would reach the shores and harm the coastal ecology as well. Hundreds and thousands of aquatic animals, sea birds, and plants are adversely affected. This effect of oil pollution is discernable in the US Gulf coast (Pezeshki et al. 2000). Oil spills have taken place in this region, so the effects of oil spills and clean up have manifested as environmental hazard in this part of the world. Hence, plant response to

Business Analysis of W San Francisco Hotel Essay

Business Analysis of W San Francisco Hotel - Essay Example As a well-established facility, W Hotel San Francisco has a total of 404 rooms. These are used to provide a variety of services including Wonderful Rooms, Spectacular Rooms, Cool Corner Rooms and Fantastic Rooms. Each of these is very important since they offer a distinct category of services to a diverse group of clients who frequent the facility for accommodation. Summarily, these rooms are made to cater for each of the clients in line with their income and preferences. They have bed and table spaces to suite both individuals and groups as well. Indeed, W Hotel San Francisco should be considered as the best facility in the region. A part from offering a wide range of services, it has a team of professionals to manage it and offer day to day services required by its customers. Besides, it offers high quality services such as 100% organic coffee, wines and meals. At the same time, it has a well-equipped gym which remains accessible to all the clients at any time of the day (Gross 180). Finally, unlike its competitors, it provides on-site parking spaces to its clients at merely $54 per day. These make it to enjoy a competitive advantage over its rivals. In conclusion, W Hotel San Francisco is the place to be. It offers a high level of services which cannot be found anywhere. â€Å"Trace† Restaurant is one of the most spectacular places within the precincts of W Hotel SF. As a restaurant, it is equipped with modern facilities necessary for the provision of high quality services to our clients.

How software engineering differs from other fields of engineering Essay

How software engineering differs from other fields of engineering - Essay Example The concept is applied with reference to engineering and computer science principles and practices, when exploring the development, operability and the maintenance of software systems. This paper will explore the aspects that differentiate software from other fields of engineering like mechanical and electrical engineering. The paper will also discuss the specific characteristics of the ‘software’ product, which differentiate the field from other engineering domains. The differences between software engineering and other traditional engineering disciplines The field of software engineering, unlike other traditional fields of engineering, can be traced to the growth in the field of computing and information technology. The growth in the field of computing and information technology has prompted the tremendous growth of the field of software engineering (Ghezzi, Jazayeri and Mandrioli, 2003). On the other hand, other fields of engineering can be traced to the development a nd the growth of respective fields of study and practice, and not necessarily the field of computing and information technology (Sommerville, 2008). ... erent from traditional engineering disciplines, in that many of the other fields of engineering – including civil, chemical, mechanical, and electrical engineering – can be traced to the discrete application of mathematical basements. On the other hand, software engineering can be traced to the application of technical computer and mathematical science principles, which resulted from the need of maintaining and improving software systems (Ghezzi, Jazayeri and Mandrioli, 2003). This difference shows that the field depends, mainly, on the principles of discrete mathematics, particularly that related to logic (Jones, 1995). Software engineering is different from traditional engineering fields, in that many of the engineers practicing these other fields construct real artifacts, but software engineers construct virtual/ abstract artifacts. This points out that the products developed by software engineers may not be subjected to the evaluation and the testing which is releva nt to those produced by the engineering practicing in the traditional fields. Additionally, traditional engineering fields are mature fields incorporating continuous mathematics and physical sciences, but software engineering is more immature, and reliant on discrete mathematics and computer sciences (Herbsleb and Goldenson, 1996). In traditional engineering, there are two major concerns about the products produced, including the costs of production and the reliability of the product, which is a function of time and failure (Jalote, 2005). On the other hand, in software engineering, the main concerns related to the products developed include the costs of development and the reliability of the virtual product, which is a function of the number of errors noted for every thousand lines of the source

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer questions - Essay Example practice insurance does not mean that a professional can use the same when he conducts an act of negligence; the insurance is simply for protecting him against some malpractice committed while being ordinarily prudent in his affairs of conducting his activities, yet causing some damage to the patient, in an unknowingly negligent manner. It thus should not ideally lessen the care that is taken by a professional in his work. 29. The role of the insurance industry is to reiterate the fact that despite any professional possessing liability insurance, he must not fall short of being competent or prudent while conducting his daily affairs. The insurance should not be treated like a ticket to being negligent, but merely used during a time of crisis. 30. Churning amounts to a breach of securities law; when a broker conducts an excessive transaction and sells the securities that have increased in their value while keeping the securities that have lost out on their value, misrepresentation or fraud may be committed by the broker and the company that he represents. Thus, the line should be drawn when one steps onto fraudulent methods to earn a higher commission. 31. It is ethical for an insurance company to base the commission of an agent on the basis of a buyer’s needs because at the end of the company is carrying out a business transaction and every agent acting on behalf of the company should be entitled to receive that which he is able to get; regardless of the buyer’s needs, the agent will only be entitled to the amount of commission equal to that of the policy that he has been able to sell to the client. 32. It is important and pertinent for a state to respect and enforce the judgments that are awarded by courts in other states as well as the statutes and case laws of other states because when a certain judgment has been passed for a particular case in a state, it may act as a precedent for a similar case taking place elsewhere. The state thus must foster

Was World War II Ultimately Beneficial for the US and the Rest of the Research Paper

Was World War II Ultimately Beneficial for the US and the Rest of the World - Research Paper Example ... since the end of the Second World War, there are two major features of the capitalist world that immediately stand out and call for remark. Firstly there is the marked extension in American and in Western Europe of the economic activities of the state: developments, to a large extent novel both in degree and in kind, of what have been variously called State Capitalism or State Monopoly Capitalism. Secondly, on a world scale there is the radical change in the position of large areas of the former colonial and semi-colonial sector, especially in Asia and Africa, and consequently in the relations, both political and economic, between these areas and the imperialist countries, to which they were formerly subordinated. (Dobb 387) The USA was the only country whose economy boomed during the war. Not a single enemy stepped on its soils and the lives of a few civilians were sacrificed. Even the army did not suffer a heavy loss in terms of causalities. â€Å"... the economic prosperity c reated by World War II left a deep impression on the American people. Before the war, the United States was mired in the Great Depression. Unemployment which was as high as 29.4% in 1933 still averaged 14.6% in 1940. During the war, unemployment dropped rapidly.† (Degrasse 36) This was not true for other countries though- the USSR, Japan, Germany, China, France, Britain, Greece, Holland, and other countries suffered heavy losses. The aftermath of the war was horrifying for the rest of the world. â€Å"... with increasing acknowledgement of the United States’ status as the leading democratic power came increased acceptance of responsibility in the global arena... Perhaps with constructive American involvement a better world could be shaped, a world more prosperous, free, democratic and safe.† (Price 71) Decolonization was not only in the interest of the colonies but of the US as well. The US was dreading another depression at the end of the Second World War, and w as planning to market its products to the former colonies in Asia and Africa. This was not possible as the colonialist powers would never have granted access to the US as long as they remained in power. The US was also determined to decolonize subjugated nations because of its ideals of equality, freedom and democracy. The US also had its deep interests in the Middle East region and wanted to establish its oil exploring companies permanently over there. This was only possible if this region was decolonized so that America could build its dreams. The colonialists themselves were finding it hard to resist the pressure coming from the colonies for independence- most notable from India. Post-Second World War scenario was already very challenging for them to handle matters at home. Therefore, a weakened Europe was ready to decolonize its territories. Cold War was also a consequential factor of the Second World War. The Nazi Germany fell in 1945 and was divided into 4 military occupation zones occupied by France, Great Britain, USA and Soviet Union. It faced a terrible time of hyperinflation and was rescued by the Marshal Plan to some extent. At the end of the war the problem of

Dentist Office Proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dentist Office - Research Proposal Example This happens because the government posts a facility’s Medicare acceptance standing on medical assistance literature material and on government websites. The state government further offers free advertisements that attract patients to the healthcare facility (Ketler 49). This is considerably helpful in the foremost days of health care practice when the facility leaders need to strengthen their business practice in the community for them to remit meager business loans and debts from the medical school. There is an assured income source when a health care organization accepts Medicare. The state and federal governments jointly fund Medicaid social programs to avail services on a continual fashion. The government assures payment if the eligibility rule concerns a medical procedure that the organization’s medical practice prescribes (Sisks 52). The health care organization does not have to hunt the patient down in order to secure their income or adjusting treatment fees to make sure that the patient could afford or medical care. This offers security in the projection of anticipated revenues and enable the medical providers meet their monetary obligations. Joining Medicaid would ensure a positive economic impact on the business environment and the entire state economy. Through this, there would be augmented job opportunities, state and income tax revenue within the entire healthcare sector and more owing to the induced multiplier effect of expenditure (Sisks 54). Medicaid has an immensely competitive health insurance market in states that have accepted the social program. Joining such a program would immensely benefit the health care organization by placing it in a competitive community where people value, afford and procure health care, thus promoting good health and affluence in the community, state and the entire nation (Ketler 36). Demerits While the federal government’s departments and agencies assure payment for eligible Medicaid treatment s and procedures, such entities also take control over the recommended fees for such services. This means that medical practitioners do not have the mandate to determine their charges for clinical procedures on Medicaid patients (Russell 82). Apparently, this makes the health care provider a â€Å"middleman† between the government department remitting payments and the patient. The government may control and restrict standard charges, regardless of whether it seems inappropriate for the medical practitioner. The health care center plans to serve its community members, promote good health nationwide, generate income and serve every patient regardless of cost or complexity of reported diseases. However, the government is the chief dictator of medical services that health care practitioners ought to provide under Medicaid. This may push a practitioner to conform to the government’s prescribed course of medical care rather that treating the patient in the best way. A low-in come Medicaid patient may be unable to afford the cost of a definitive cure f the government has not prescribed it in the list of medical care available under the Medicaid social program (Sisks 51) The health care provider capacity is insufficient and may worsen in future. The contemporary provider capacity, especially the capacity of emergency departments, safety net providers and primary care

Extent which UK Government has Opted Fundamental Reform of the Essay

Extent which UK Government has Opted Fundamental Reform of the Education Provision with SEN - Essay Example These have raised two arguments from the disabled Activists who want the society to include the disability clause in the policies. The first focuses upon the ways in which disability and learning difficulties are problems created socially by the society's power structure. The arguments clearly points out that physical and also mental impairment are there to show the large diversity of human nature and should not be viewed as disabilities. Mistreating people with physical and mental impairments is what transforms the impairments into disabilities. Isolated Special education institutions are viewed as oppression to the disabled. The New Labour initiative which supports inclusive schooling has been the Strategy for special education needs which remove barriers to educational achievement (DfES, 2004). The importance of this strategy is that it takes special education within the wider policy initiative of the Green Paper Every child matters (The Stationery Office, 2003) 144 D. Armstrong offers the most comprehensive expression of inclusive education policy within New Labour's wider ideological vision of the inclusive society. With its origin bein... SEN (DfES, 2004) strategy by the Government seeks to signify inclusive education in the same cocoon of protecting the child and promoting learning activities for those children with special needs. The four essential areas of activities for chid protection are; Parents of children with special needs should be given access to suitable healthcare and children with learning problems should receive help in the early stages Inclusive practice should be adopted in early years in every school which will considerably remove barriers to learning. Developing and improving teachers' proficiency and policies for meeting children with special education needs which will raise expectations and the general school leading to the learner's progress. Involving parents in delivering which will help parents develop confidence on the education needs obtained by their children. Pursuing this child protection model of inclusion, the Strategy for special education needs locates special educational interventions within the broader context of social disadvantages experienced by young people whose origins lie within 'risk factors' associated with educational failure, community breakdown, parenting inadequacies, school disorganisation and individual and/or peer group difficulties. These risk factors have been widely proclaimed as giving rise to concerns for the welfare of young people across the domains of education health, social welfare and youth justice (Lupton, 1999; Bessant et al., 2003). The risk factor model is one that has been instrumental in promoting an interventionist strategy of risk reduction to be delivered by cross-agency childhood services. The DEE, (1994) Code of Practice came

Justification of Assisted Suicide Essay Example for Free

Justification of Assisted Suicide Essay The choice a terminally ill patient makes should be available to them in the event they no longer want to suffer. According to Dame Jill Macleod Clark, who sits on the Council of Deans of Health, states â€Å"those who have cared for terminally ill patients, friends or family know their greatest fears and anxieties are about intractable sufferings, and their desire for a dignified and peaceful death† (2011). When patients who are terminally ill want to hear options the argument has been made that all options are not available because assisted suicide comes with scrutiny and consequences. On the other hand opponents of assisted suicide do not believe this is the only way to secure a good health alternative. Opponents believe that it is important to make a patient feel comfortable and help them improve their quality of life not end life just because it is an option or that they may feel they are a burden to loved ones. Assisted suicide can be performed by a physician or a person who is willing to help a patient end their life. This paper will focus on physician assisted suicide (PAS), this has been a controversial issue in many countries and have many different opinions on the ethics behind assisted suicide. To further examine the data the utilitarian ethics approach will be used. It is important to remember that utilitarian ethics considers the consequences of actions. Indentify the Problem: Assisted suicide is it ethical or unethical? Is it right for a physician to assist a patient to kill themselves? This is the main focus of assisted suicide and the justification of the situation has been at debate for a long time. The problem is if a physician assists a patient with suicide how are they holding up the oath they took as a doctor. Doctors are healers they are to help a person feel better, make them well, and give them treatment when necessary. Physician-assisted suicide is fundamentally incompatible with the physician’s role as healer, would be difficult or impossible to control, and would pose serious societal risks. Instead of participating in assisted suicide, physicians must aggressively respond to the needs of patients at the end of life (Code of Medical Ethics, AMA (1994). † The opponents would say it is a physician’s duty to uphold what a patient may want, if the patient is terminally ill and in constant pain, why should they have to suffer? It is important for physicians to care for their patients and give them what they need to sustain a livable life. To what extent should a physician go to ensure the patient is happy and satisfied with their treatment? At some point a person will know someone who was in constant pain and wanted to end their life only to have to continue with treatment because the attending physician was obligated to do his job, what he went to school for, to ensure the welfare of their patient. The debate is still ongoing as to how assisted suicide would benefit a patient, the pro’s and con’s as well as the consequences of the actions. Clarify Concepts: What is Assisted Suicide? Assisted suicide can be done by a physician or a person willing to help assist a patient in taking their life. What is Assisted Suicide? Assisted suicide is also known as euthanasia and is defined by dictionary. com as also called , the act of putting to death painlessly or allowing to die, as by withholding extreme medical measures, a person or animal suffering from an incurable, especially a painful, disease or condition (2012). There are several different kinds of euthanasia, the first can be drugs prescribed by a doctor which is administered by the patient to end life. The second type of euthanasia is by machine, if the patient is on a machine to keep them alive they would request the machine be unhooked to end life. The third and highly debated form of assisted suicide is by physician. A patient may request the help to end their life and this is how the assistance comes into play. A doctor or a person they trust will assist them in passing into the next life. Currently assisted suicide is illegal except in the state of Oregon, the Netherlands and Belgium (Clark, 2011). Indentify Possible Solutions: Proponents and opponents speak out! According to proponents of assisted suicide terminally ill people who will die are in unbearable pain should not be held to continue to endure the pain against their wishes (Fenigsen, 2011). If laws were put in place to help those who are in this position have a choice, it could keep the cost of assisted living facilities and critically ill facilities down. When faced with a patient who requires knowing their options, the option of assisted suicide should be presented to the patient. How this can be achieved is with a guideline for doctors and nurses to follow when speaking to a patient on their options when having to live in constant pain. Proponents believe assisted suicide is ethically justified because it is not fair to a patient to continue to endure endless suffering when there are alternatives if they were available. Opponents compare assisted suicide to abortion. There is no justification for ending a life. Pain could possibly bring on a sense of wanting to do more by a patient if shown they could go on and live their lives. Assisted suicide is not the answer to all problems and it is not an answer to a person living in pain. Give the individual a will to live and they will find a way to go on. Examination and Assumptions Proponents assume that assisted suicide should be legal because it gives a patient the opportunity to determine how they want to end their life. They are given the chance to determine if they want to continue life as they are currently living. The patient would know that at any point in time during their illness they can ask a physician to help them with ending their life. By justifying assisted suicide patients and physicians do not have to fear being found out. They would be able to perform the suicide without feeling they did an injustice. No injustice to the patient and no injustice by the patient would equal a favorable outcome to assisted suicide. Opponents assume that assisted suicide should not be legal because a physician should do what it takes to ensure a patient is being cared for. There should not be an easy way out of a situation when faced with pain or the idea of knowing one is terminally ill. There are hospices in place to take care of these patients, there are ways to maintain pain and keep it at a minimum. Life can go on even for those living with pain with the help of family, friends, and a physician. A patient can continue life and possibly have a normal life without ending it suddenly with assisted suicide. Opponents of assisted suicide assume doctors and nurses who support assisted suicide are failing their patients. Opponents assume that if doctors or nurses even give a hint to a patient that assisted suicide may be an option it could give a patient who was looking for support a sense of hopelessness. This is something that the medical community wants so desperately to avoid. Stephen Wright, who is the chair of the Sacred Space Foundation, put it best when he stated â€Å"the debate about assisted suicide is a slippery slope† (2011). Those who are in favor of a change in the law state there is no evidence that legalizing assisted dying leads to vulnerable people being killed against their wishes (Wright, 2011). But an example of how this did not exactly pan out was in the Netherlands in the 1980’s where it was determined it was legal to let one end one’s own life. With this decision thousands of Dutch patients wanted to have someone help them with assisted suicide requests. Information on assisted suicide and ethics Dr. Gary Black and Dr. Ronald M. Levine, were physicians licensed to practice medicine in Connecticut. The two doctors put forth to the Connecticut courts a request to be protected from prosecution because they wanted to counsel patients on assisted suicide. Both doctors felt that they should be able to at least counsel patients about the option of assisted suicide because the patients they dealt with had life threatening illnesses such as HIVor other terminal issues. The courts did not think the two had a basis to change the law or even the wording of the law. The Connecticut courts gave this as the reason as to why they would not change the law for the two doctors: â€Å"The court noted that Connecticut citizens have raised a myriad of concerns at public hearings on unsuccessful bills that would have amended [section] 53a-56 to permit physicians to assist their patients in ending their lives. As one individual testified at a public hearing on Conn. House Bill 6928, An Act Concerning Death With Dignity (1994): Is assisted suicide the kind of choice, assuming it can be made in a fixed and rational manner, that we wish to offer a gravely ill person? Will we not sweep up in the process some who are not really tired of life, but think others are tired of them? Some who do not really want to die, but who feel that they should not live on because to do so when there exists the legal alternative is a selfish and a cowardly act[? ] Will not some feel an obligation to have themselves eliminated in order that the funds allocated for their illness might be better used by their families? Or financial worries aside, in order to relive the families of the emotional strain involved[? ] (Bostrom, B. , 2011). â€Å"The Decision to Leave a Person Alive. The case of Mr. and Mrs. S became well known in Holland because of press reports and TV broadcasts. As a result of an error in anesthesia, Mrs. S had been in a coma for years. Her husband did not abandon her, visited her every three months, and had been very involved on her behalf. He had devoted all those years to intense reflection, and many times had requested the doctors to put an end on her life. No one wanted to make this kind of decision. Butso reasoned Mr. Sto keep a comatose patient alive is also a decision, and one that needs to be justified† (Fenigsen, R. 2011). Moral Reasoning We will apply utilitarianism to this dilemma by asking, what solution leads to the greater good? â€Å"Utilitarian ethical theory judges the rightness and wrongness of an act in the terms of its consequences in particular, whether it produces the greatest balance of pleasure over suffering for everyone involved (Waller, B. , 2011). † A simple act such as physician assisted suicide may seem simple the patient is suffering, and the patient wants to end their suffering, therefore why not help them end their life. This simple act would come with consequences as with any act. The medical community would be frowned upon; physicians are no longer keeping to an oath they took to be a doctor. The utilitarian would say that we should consider what specific act would produce the best overall consequences (Waller, B. , 2011). The act of a physician assisting in suicide could not possibly have a positive outcome, after all a life has been taken. On one side we have these positive outcomes if we allow assisted suicide, the civil right of a person who is terminally ill and wants to end his and his familys suffering once and for all would be protected. A person will get the right to die without pain and with dignity. Finally allowing assisted suicide would protect patients who are terminally ill because only those who really need it will be helped whiles others will not. But there are also many negative outcomes if we allow assisted suicide. Assisted suicide is against majority of religions. The elderly could become a target for assisted suicide by physicians or even family members. Depressed people who are not fully aware may want assisted suicide and not realize the task they are asking to be performed. Assisted suicide may at ome point be taken for granted by healthcare. The cost of taking care of a terminally ill patient can decrease if assisted suicide was available. Also the fact that some patients may not be able to pay for the medical treatment and the patient may feel ending his or her life would stop the mounting costs. Given these two lists, it would be hard to say which one outweighs the other. For assisted suicide to be justified and legal both sides would have to be carefully considered. A utilitarian would not agree if the assisted suicide was based on the patient’s request. The utilitarian would remind us that other people are affected by a patient’s decision. Even if assisted suicide would be in the best interest of the patient, it may be considered wrong because of the effect it could have on loved one. If loved ones were to support the patient’s decision to terminate their life then the utilitarian would agree that the decision would be beneficial. If we are to use the utilitarian point of view as to whether assisted suicide should be legal, then if it is legal the moral way to ensure that the legal system works is to ensure the best consequences come from the action. Consequences Assisted suicide could work for the patient who is critically ill. It would give them a sense of ending the pain. The patient would no longer have to live in pain or be a burden on family who may be taking care of them. Morally physician assisted suicide could not be justified because. Assisted suicide could pose a problem for the patient because family members may not be aware of their loved ones wish. Doctors and nurses could be held liable by the family for assisting or even suggesting assisted suicide. Those patients wanting assisted suicide could increase if a law was passed allowing patients to ask for help with killing themselves. Currently it is not actable to help a patient in committing suicide but if the law was to take affect and it has in Oregon and other countries, it would pose the ultimate issue. Is it right to kill a person because they are in pain, terminally ill, or have Alzheimer’s? This would open doors for people to ask for assisted suicide when it is not necessary. Others who want to help people kill themselves would want the right to assist in suicides. If the laws are not governed properly and studied the death rate could be higher than normal. Finally the moral idea of taking a life for no other reason than they wanted it and it was warranted because they had the entire item listed on a checklist completed does not seem ethically correct. Not politically correct but ethically correct, there are no morals or scruples considered when taking a life this way, it is the law so be it.

Dickinson’s Poetry Is Startling and Eccentric Essay Example for Free

Dickinson’s Poetry Is Startling and Eccentric Essay Perhaps one of the aspects that draw us to the poetry of Dickinson is its eccentricity and startling nature. In her poetry, Emily Dickinson explores a number of different themes including death, hope, nature, pain and love. The trademark signs of a Dickinson poem are her hallmark dashes she uses. Her dashes suggest that there is more to the story than she is writing down. Another characteristic of Dickinson’s poetry is the capitalization of random words throughout her poems. This could suggest importance of the words that she is highlighting. A large number of Dickinson’s poetry revolves around the theme of death; both psychological and physical. She makes the reader question what our place in the universe is. Her sharply contrasting moods and her laconic images make her poems appealing to scrutinize. Evidence of Dickinson’s unique and unusual style strikes us in ‘I Felt a Funeral in my Brain’. We’re given a comprehensive look at her delicate state of mind through her magnificent imagery. Here, Dickinson compares her psychological deterioration to the rites of a funeral. The opening stanza of the poem divulges that she is in a coffin and ‘’mourners’’ are going ‘’to and fro’’. The ‘’treading – treading’’ of the mourners as they move ‘’to and fro’’ combined with the ‘’beating – beating’’ of the ‘’Service like a drum’’ emphasizes her inner turmoil. The depth of her vulnerability astonishes us as she says her world is reduced to ‘’And Being but an ear,’’ She likens herself to a ‘’strange race’’. We can clearly sense her isolation. I felt this was very abstract. It reminded me almost of a Picasso painting. We are left in no doubt of her deepening crisis with her startling image of the coffin crashing downwards as a ‘’plank in reason, broke. And I dropped down and down—‘’. I heard a Fly buzz—when I died— † was equally eccentric and startling. Once again the imagery played a significant role in evoking this idea. The poem opens to a vibrant image of Dickinson lying in her bed surrounded by her nearest and dearest. ‘’The eyes had wrung them dry, / And breathes were gathering sure’’. I was struck by the startling contrast created here when she compares the stillness in the room to ‘’the air/ Between the Heaves of Storms’’ The poem strikingly describes the mental distraction posed by irrelevant details at even the most crucial moments—even at the moment of death. The poem then becomes even more bizarre and more macabre by transforming the tiny, normally disregarded fly into the figure of death itself, as the fly’s wing cuts the speaker off from the light until she cannot â€Å"see to see. † One of the most peculiar aspects of ‘‘I heard a Fly buzz—when I died— † is the odd introduction of the fly into this environment. Again, the imagery plays a significant role. Flies can often be associated with death and decay and I think that is the message Dickinson was trying to convey by using the image of the fly in this particular poem. It is a poem that examines what is possible with hope and how far hope can carry a person. The poem uses a bird as a symbol to define the feeling that hope can give an individual. ‘’Hope is the thing with feathers That perches in the soul,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ This proves that Dickinson is eccentric as most people would never compare hope to ‘the Thing with Feathers’. What is striking about the poem is its absolute simplicity, both in structure and in the words the poem presents. The idea of hope in the chillest land/And on the strangest sea, is a quite philosophical way of viewing the world. There is a contrast within the poem between hope, represented with words like warm, Soul sweetest and the pain of life shown in words like storm gale chillest. There is a battle between hope and the pain of life; it is clear which one comes out on top as hope can still be found through gales and storms. I think the poem is trying to convey that even though things can seem bleak, hope can always pull you through it. Dickinson’s poem ‘I Could Bring You Jewels had I a mind to –‘ is similar to ‘Hope is the Thing with Feathers’ in regards to the tone of the poem. It is a joyful, optimistic poem. In ‘I Could Bring You Jewels’, Dickinson is corresponding with an unknown person in a coy, teasing tone. This poem is very different to most of Dickinson’s poetry because unlike many of her other poems she is not discussing death or loneliness and is instead, conversing with someone and seems to be enjoying herself. She is talking to this person about what gift she is going to buy him/her. ‘I could bring You Odors from St. Domingo – Colors from Vera Cruz Berries of the Bahamas –‘ Although I would not consider Emily Dickinson to be my favourite poet, I found her work intriguing and uniquely eccentric. This could be because of the contrast between each of her poems and the different themes she uses in each poem. It may be as a result of its bleak, distressing nature. I personally felt that her fixation with physical and psychological death was quite shocking to be honest. The imagery Dickinson uses in her poetry could definitely be interpreted as very eccentric and startling. You would not expect all of the pain and hurt that is expressed in her poetry to be coming from a young woman from a well-to-do family who lived a very privileged existence.

Effect of Temperature and Cu2+ on Abscorbic Acid Stability

Effect of Temperature and Cu2+ on Abscorbic Acid Stability Effects of Temperature, pH and Cu2+ on Abscorbic Acid Stability NAME: Sophia Chai Lai Jin Objectives: To perform a selected redox titrimetric procedure. To measure the stability of ascorbic acid under various conditions. Introduction L-ascorbic acid as known as Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for humans. L-ascorbic acid is one of the most potent compounds acting as an antioxidant in biological systems by scavenging active oxygen species and free radicals. L-ascorbic acid is a well-known water-soluble antioxidant that has a whitening effect and serves as a cofactor of prolinehydroxylase to promote synthesis of collagen. Low intakes cause a nutrient deficiency disease known as scurvy. Scurvy causes general weakness, anemia, gum disease, and skin hemorrhages. The effectiveness of ascorbic acid as a food additive depends on its oxidation to dehydroascorbic acid which effectively destroys ascorbic acid. Since it is so readily oxidized, it is frequently called the most unstable vitamin. Ascorbic acid may degrade via a number of different mechanisms. Anaerobic and aerobic pathways have been identified; but when oxygen is present, oxidative degradation predominates. Factors that may influence the rate of ascorbic acid degradation include temperature, salt and sugar concentration, pH, oxygen concentration, metal catalysts, and enzymes. Apparatus Test tubes, beakers (20 and 250 mL), burets, pipets (1,5 and 10 mL), Erlenmeyer flasks (50 mL), graduated cylinders (10 and 50 mL), hot plate, boiling beads, pH meter, water bath. Materials Ascorbic acid solution (0.5 and 10 mg/mL), oxalic acid solution (0.25 M), 2,6-dichloroindophenol (dye) solution, cupric sulphate, (CuSO4.5H2O) solution (10 g/100 mL), glycine buffer (0.1 M, pH 2), carbonate buffer (0.1 M, pH 8), HCl (1 M). Experimental Procedure Abscorbic Acid Standard Curve 9 mL of oxalic acid solution and 1 mL of 1.0 M HCl was transferred to each of four Erlenmeyer flask. 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mL of ascorbic acid solution (0.5 mg/mL) was added to each respectively. Each flask rapidly with dye solution was titrate until a light but distinct rose pink colour persists for at least 5 s. A volume o fdye versus miligrams of ascorbic acid was plotted. Effects of Temperature, pH and Cu2+ on Ascorbic Acid Stability 10 mL (duplicate) was prepared of each of the following solution Ascorbic acid in glycine buffer Ascorbic acid in carbonate buffer Ascorbic acid in glycine buffer + CuSO4 Ascorbic acid in carbonate buffer + CuSO4 1 mL of ascorbic acid (10 mg/mL), 0.5 mL of CuSO4 and sufficient buffer was added to bring the total volume to 10 mL and well mixed. The pH was recorded for each solution. They was cover and capped loosely and transfer to a boiling water bath. It was boiled for 15 minutes and cooled. Titration was done. Results: Table 1 : Volume of dye vs miligrams of ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid (0.5 mg/mL) Ascorbic acid in mg Volume of dichloroindophenol used (mL) 0.5 0.25 30.4 1.0 0.5 57.1 1.5 0.75 82.7 2.0 1.0 114.1 Table 2: pH value of each solution Solution pH value 1st set 2nd set Ascorbic acid + glycine 2.06 2.09 Ascorbic acid + carbonate 7.24 7.27 Ascorbic acid + glycine + CuSO4 1.98 2.00 Ascorbic acid + carbonate + CuSO4 6.17 6.22 Table 3: Volume of dye vs different solutions Solution Volume of dichloroindophenol used (mL) Ascorbic acid + glycine 5.8 Ascorbic acid + carbonate 3.3 Ascorbic acid + glycine + CuSO4 2.6 Ascorbic acid + carbonate + CuSO4 1.6 Calculation Average amount of ascorbic acid to titrate with dichloroindophenol in 1 mL Y = 113.21x 1 = 113.21x X = 0.0088 mg 1 mL of dichloroindophenol is required to titrate with 0.0088 mg of ascorbic acid Total volume of ascorbic acid solution = 10 mL Ascorbic acid + glycine solution required 5.8 mL of dichloroindophenol: 0.0088 mg X 5.8 = 0.05104 mg Concentration of ascorbic acid = 0.005104 mg/mL Ascorbic acid + carbonate required 3.3 mL of dichloroindophenol: 0.0088 mg X 3.3 = 0.02904 mg Concentration of ascorbic acid= 0.0029 mg/mL Ascorbic acid + glycine + CuSO4 required 2.6 mL of dichloroindophenol: 0.0088 mg X 2.6= 0.02288 mg Concentration of ascorbic acid = 0.002288 mg/mL Ascorbic acid + carbonate + CuSO4 required 1.6 mL of dichloroindophenol: 0.0088 mg X 1.6= 0.01408 mg/mL Concentration of ascorbic acid = 0.001408 mg/mL Discussion In this experiment, redox iodometric titration assay was used to determine the amount of concentration of ascorbic acid in each buffer solution. CuSO4 act as the oxidizing reagent in the reaction. Firstly, the dichloroindophenol act as the blue dye will oxidized the ascorbic acid when titration begin. The ascorbic acid will be oxidized into another form which is called dehydroascorbic acid. The following figure shows the equation of redox reaction of ascorbic acid and converted to dehydroascorbic acid in the titration. In acid condition, the blue dye will turn the solution into pinkish colour, if the ascorbic acid is present, it will reduce the solution back into colourless compound. The higher the concentration of ascorbic acid, the more dichloroindophenol is needed to oxidize it. Until the titration end point is reached, a persist pink colour solution will be obtained. This indicates that the availability of ascorbic acid has used up for reduction and being oxidized quantitavely by dichloroindophenol. Therefore, from the result in part A standard curve calibration, a straight linear line was achieved. The 2.0 mL of ascorbic acid solution (0.5 mg/mL) required a huge amount of dichloroindophenol to neutralize it. From the result obtained, the ascorbic acid-glycine solution tend to have higher concentration of ascorbic acid. Meanwhile in ascorbic acid-carbonate solution has a lower concentration of ascorbic acid. This might due to in alkaline condition it will be more easily to oxidized into dehydroascorbic acid. In alkaline condition, the O2 will act as the oxidant to breakdown the ascorbic acid and destabilize it. Therefore, a slightly acidic pH, the antioxidant properties of ascorbic acid can be maintained. Moreover, in the presence of CuSO4 will degrade the ascorbic acid easily as CuSO4 is a strong oxidizing agent. Cu2+ will catalaze the oxidation and heating also will increase the rate of oxidation. However, at a slight acidic pH such as in citrus juice, the vitamin is more stable. Besides, thermal treatment to the ascorbic acid can degrade and destruct the antioxidant properties of the structure. In boiling water bath, most of the ascorbic acid are believed to be degraded. Therefore, the amount of the concentration of ascorbic acid are found to be lower than the beginning of the experiment. Conclusion The higher the concentration of ascorbic acid in a solution, the more amount of dichloroindophenol are required to neutralized it. In a very acidic condition, it will degrade the ascorbic acid faster. However in a neutral or alkaline condition in the presence of air, the ascorbic acid will oxidized fast due to the O2 which is an oxidant. High temperature can degrade the antioxidant properties of the vitamin C. References http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000355.htm http://chemistry.about.com/od/demonstrationsexperiments/ss/vitctitration_4.htm http://www.sussexvt.k12.de.us/science/Textbook/LIM_LowRes_Unsecured/NCInv13D.pdf Questions Explain the difference in the results between the ascorbic acid-glycine and the ascorbic acid-carbonate buffers, and the effect of pH on ascorbic acid. The ascorbic acid-glycine solution tend to have higher concentration of ascorbic acid. Meanwhile in ascorbic acid-carbonate solution has a lower concentration of ascorbic acid. This might due to in alkaline condition it will be more easily to oxidized into dehydroascorbic acid. In alkaline condition, the O2 will act as the oxidant to breakdown the ascorbic acid and destabilize it. Therefore, a slightly acidic pH, the antioxidant properties of ascorbic acid can be maintained. Explain the difference in the results between ascorbic acid-glycine buffer and the ascorbic acid-glycine buffer with CuSO4; between ascorbic acid-carbonate buffer and the ascorbic acid-carbonate buffer with CuSO4 model systems. The presence of metal ions such as copper and iron increase the rate of oxidation of ascorbic acid. CuSO4 is strong oxidizing agent. Ascorbic acid form complex with metal ions and reduce metal ion into metal. Therefore, the addition of CuSO4 has lowered the amount of dichloroindophenol which required to titrate with the ascorbic acid solution.

The Dramatic Monologues of Robert Browning Essay -- Poetry Dramatic Mo

The Dramatic Monologues of Robert Browning Consider the range of characterisation in Browning’s dramatic monologues and the poetic methods he employs to portray his speakers. Some are written in rhyming verse, use metaphors, et cetera, but for what reason? What is the writer trying to achieve and how successful is he? Robert Browning (1812-1889) was an English poet noted for his mastery of dramatic monologue. He was born in London, the son of a wealthy clerk at the bank of England, he received scant formal education but had access to his father’s large library of about 6,000 volumes. Though initially unsuccessful as a poet and financially dependent on his family until well into adulthood Browning was to become a celebrated Victorian poet. In some of his finest works people from the past speak their thoughts and reveal their lives to the reader through the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦? The poems I will be taking into account will be: ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ from Dramatic Lyrics, 1842 ‘The Laboratory’, 1844 ‘My last Duchess’, from Dramatic Lyrics, 1842 ‘Andrea del Sarto’ from Men and Women, 1855 ‘Fra Lippo Lippi’ from Men and Women, 1855 All these poems are presented from the viewpoint of an individual explaining their actions. The speakers all consider their actions justified, though only Fra Lippo Lippi has reason to explain himself to anyone. These poems use different poetic methods to form the character of the speaker. The rhyme schemes vary from obvious, as in the rhyming couplets of ‘The Laboratory’, to subtle, as in ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ to an absence of a rhyme scheme as in the blank verse of ‘Andrea del Sarto’. Also there are many uses of alliteration, assonance, enjambment and onomatopoeic words to draw our att... ... beauty’ though Andrea is presumably referring to her curves and suppleness of youth the serpent is also widely recognised as a manipulative and deceitful. A true master of the arts would be expected to have a better imagination and grasp of imagery. This poem also particularly demonstrates Browning’s mastery of dramatic monologues as he has written in blank verse and written in the tone of a dull and lifeless man but still creates a deep dramatic monologue that reveals a lot more through it’s poetic methods employed in it than the speaker actually tells us. The way such different portrayals are formed of each character show us how successful Browning has been in using different poetic methods to convey each characterisation as a lot can be established simply from the rhythm and rhyme scheme of the poem and other poetic methods used before even analysing the speaker.

Spain and World War Two :: WWII World War 2 Essays

Spain and World War Two Spain was officially a nonbelligerent state, throughout the Second World War. Stemming from three long years of civil war, starting in 1936 and ending in 1939, just as the world was picking sides for the Second World War. At this time Spain was destitute, her people starving, and generally tired of war. Leaning toward the Nazis, because of past help, and basic ideals, yet dependent on English, and American aide, Spain invented the nonbelligerent state. Spain remained uninvolved during World War Two because of Spanish honor, the personality of Francisco Franco, and it was not in Spain’s bet interest to enter the war. As a general rule, Spanish people feel rigidly bound by their sense of honor. This is one major conflict inherent between the Spanish people and entering the war. First Spain had no appreciable quarrel with any country involved in the war, save the Russians. The Russians had given aide the defeated Republicans during the Spanish civil war; the Russians were consequently despised. Whereas the Germans had helped Franco into power, by sending men, planes, and officers to help the war effort, therefor they were close allies. To further complicate things Germany began the war a friend of the Russians. As for the Allies, General Franco had received some military training in France, under the guidance of Marshals Petain, and Foch, who had been badly humiliated by the Nazis. And stemming from his time in France he developed a great respect for the military traditions of the French. Therefore helping the Nazis would be to stab the French in the back. An idea repugnant to General Franco "No Sp anish hidalgo would have done that."1 (A hidalgo is a child that inherits nothing from the family their life choices being the church, or soldering.) Concerning the Americans and British, Spain had absolutely no argument with them at all. The Americans and English were sending valuable raw materials to Spain in an effort to keep her neutral.2 So as a whole the Spanish people felt torn, they didn't want to help the Germans because they were allied with an enemy, and fighting a friend. Furthermore Spain did not want to fight America or Britain. To compound things further Spain did owe Germany. They had helped Franco to power by supplying soldiers, pilots, and machines while he lead his troops to victory over the republicans of Spain.

The Power of Stretching :: Sports Running Stretch Exercise Essays

The Power of Stretching "The money and the fame are irrelevant really. I'm just a hamstring away from oblivion; you've got to look at it like that." ---- Steve Jones Running is the oldest and most popular sports in the world. Most runners feel that running is fairly simple, when in reality it is very complex. Running is one of the only sports that gives the whole body a work out. Leg strength and cardiovascular endurance play huge roles in the success of a runner, but they are not the only things that measure ones running ability. Upper body strength and back support are also important in running. Since athlete's's bodies are made up entirely of muscle, they must exercise often in order to take care of themselves and prevent injuries. Muscles are like any other thing in the world, the more you use them the stronger they get. Running long distances is strenuous on the muscles and if they are over worked and under cared for they can be damaged. Running causes the muscles that are active to become strong and less flexible, whereas the opposing muscles that are relatively under used become weaker. When muscles are being used they expand and contract often. If the muscles were not used in a while they usually get sore from the work out. Since muscles are the most important part of being athletic, proper care should go into maintaining them. Stretching before and after runs is a perfect way to care for your muscles. WHAT IS STRETCHING? The three main reason why stretching is so beneficial to a runners body is: it reduces the risk of injury, prevents muscle soreness after exercise, and it improves athletic performance. What is actually happening to the body during a stretch is very complex. Each muscle contains stretch receptors which attach themselves to the working part of the muscle called, muscle fibers. The stretch receptors measure the degree of the stretch, sending a message through the spinal cord to the nerves that control the contraction of the muscle where the receptors are. As the runner stretches more intensely the receptors begin to send out pulses harder and more rapidly. These pulses exceed a certain frequency, and the stretched muscle contracts and shortens, preventing overstretching. STRETCHING INJURIES Unfortunately, stretching is not done willingly by runners. Even though it would only take an extra five to ten minutes on top of the one or two hour run, most runners choose to skip stretching.

Gestalt Therapy

Gestalt therapy is a therapeutic approach in psychology that helped foster the humanistic theories of the 1950s and 1960s and that was, in turn, influenced by them. In Gestalt philosophy, the patient is seen as having better insight into himself or herself than the therapist does. Thus, the therapist guides the person on a self-directed path to awareness and refrains from interpreting the patient’s behaviors. Awareness comprises recognition of one’s responsibility for choices, self-knowledge, and ability to solve problems. Its originators, Frederick S. (Fritz) Perls (1893–1970) and Laura Perls (born Lore Posner, 1905–1990), were born in Germany and studied psychology there. They fled Germany during the Nazi regime, moving to South Africa and then to New York City. They were both initially influenced by Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic approaches and by Wilhelm Reich’s Orgonomic psychotherapy. Their later ideas on Gestalt therapy broke with the psychoanalytic tradition, moving toward existentialism and, ultimately, humanism. In New York City the Perls founded the Gestalt Therapy Institute in 1952. Their novel technique in therapy was to face the patient, in contrast to the typical Freudian technique of sitting behind a reclining person. The face-to-face positioning permitted the therapist to direct the patient’s attention to movements, gestures, and postures so the patient could strive to gain a fuller awareness of his or her immediate behaviors and environment. Another well-known approach introduced in Gestalt therapy is the so-called â€Å"empty chair technique,† in which a person sits across from and talks to an empty chair, envisioning a significant person (or object) associated with psychological tensions. By using these techniques, the Perls believed, the patient would be able to gain insight into how thoughts and behaviors are used to deflect attention from important psychological issues and would learn to recognize the presence of issues from the past that affect current behavior. The aim was for the patient to experience feelings, not to gain insight into the reasons for them, as psychoanalysts favored. In the evolution of their therapy, Laura and Fritz Perls differed in some of their approaches. Laura emphasized more direct, physical contact and movement than Fritz did, and the contact favored by Fritz Perls was more symbolic than physical. Gestalt therapy took its name from the school of academic psychology called Gestalt psychology. Perls asserted that Gestalt psychology had influenced the development of his ideas, but the Gestaltists laimed that there was no connection between the two. Later scholars suggested a common substrate linking the academic Gestalt psychology of Max Wertheimer (1880–1943), Wolfgang Kohler (1887–1967), and Kurt Koffka (1886–1941) and the Gestalt therapy of the Perls and their collaborators Ralph Hefferline (1910–1974) and Paul Goodman (1911–1972). This commonality involved appreciation of the who le rather than a reductionistic approach to understanding psychological phenomena and behavior. Gestalt therapy took form in the 1950s and 1960s, when humanism first flourished. The optimistic theory promulgated by the Perls was quite compatible with the ideas of other humanistically oriented psychologists such as Carl Rogers (1902–1987). Its influence has waned since the 1980s, although current therapies have been influenced by the humanistic and optimistic outlook of the theory and by some of the interactive techniques developed by the Perls and their followers. Gestalt theory, a major school of psychology during the first half of the twentieth century, was an influential counterpoint to the other mostly atomistic psychological systems of the time: structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism. While its controversies with these other systems during the â€Å"age of schools† in psychology have receded into history, its major tenets once again became salient toward the end of the twentieth century in such fields as social psychology, cognition, personality psychology, and visual neuroscience. Gestalt psychology proposed a radical revision of the atomistic view that had prevailed for centuries in Western science and social science. Natural wholes, according to the Gestalt view, are not simply the sum total of their constituent parts. Rather, characteristics of the whole determine the nature of its parts, prescribing the place, role, and function of each part in the unified whole. The Gestalt principle of Pragnanz, furthermore, asserts that the organization of any whole will be as â€Å"good† (i. e. , balanced, simple, integrated) as the prevailing conditions allow. This insistence on holistic processes applies equally to all integrated wholes, from physical systems such as electrical fields, magnetic fields, and soap films to psychological systems such as cognitive processes, the organization of perception, personality, and social phenomena. The Gestalt movement is generally viewed (Ash 1995; King and Wertheimer 2005) as having been launched by a series of experiments by Max Wertheimer (1880–1943) on apparent movement published in 1912, although clear indications of a Gestalt perspective were already evident in two earlier publications of Wertheimer on musical structures (1910) and on aboriginal thinking about numerical issues (1912). Two of Wertheimer’s colleagues who served as observers in these experiments, Wolfgang Kohler (1887–1967) and Kurt Koffka (1886–1941), became his collaborators during the next decades in promulgating the new Gestalt approach (Kohler 1929; Koffka 1935). A typical experiment in Wertheimer’s series involved, for example, exposure of a short vertical line in the visual field, followed after a brief interval by exposure of a second similar vertical line a short distance away from where the first one had been exposed. If the time and distance relations are appropriate, observers see a single line moving from one location to the other. The experience is indistinguishable from watching an actual short vertical line move from one location to the other; in both cases, the perception of motion is immediate and compelling. The prevailing alternate theoretical orientations, maintaining that percepts always correspond with their correlated physical stimuli, could not explain the perceived motion when the actual stimuli are two stationary lines successively exposed. The whole, the experience of motion as a Gestalt, cannot be derived from a combination of the â€Å"component sensations† of the two stationary stimuli. The Gestalt school became prominent in European and American psychology. Its principles of perceptual organization have been summarized in almost every introductory psychology textbook; Wertheimer’s book Productive Thinking. (1945) challenged the computer models of the late twentieth century to try to account for the ubiquitous cognitive processes of insight and understanding.

Architectural & BIM Technology

Architectural & A ; BIM TechnologyExecutive sum-upThe undermentioned papers is based on the development of St John’s college Waterford metropolis. A brief debut will present the reader to the plants being carried out in the development itself. A background on the history of the college edifice is carried out and from here the chief legal issues that will originate in such a undertaking will be outlined and three of these issues will be examined in more item. These issues will be be aftering with regard to preservation & A ; protected constructions, wellness & A ; safety and contractual differences. At the terminal of the study a brooding acquisition piece will be written to demo what the writer has learned during this procedure.IntroductionThe undermentioned study is based on the development that will take topographic point at St John’s college Waterford metropolis. The study will foremost place the chief legal issues that could originate in such a development and secon dly critically measure these legal issues. Not all of the chief legal countries will be looked into but all these countries will be listed in the subdivision below. From this subdivision three legal issues will be chosen and analysed in greater deepness from an designer & A ; architectural technician’s point of position. The development that is taking topographic point is financed by the respond lodging association. The chief contractors for the plants to be carried out are Mythen building. The development will include the undermentioned, a full restoral of the college edifice which will include 21 self-contained flats along with a twenty-four hours Centre for aged people. An extra 36 new construct one sleeping room flats will be constructed on site analogue to the folly route. [ 1 ]Main legal issuesPlaning with regard to preservation & A ; protected constructionsBoundaries & A ; easementsOn site contractsContractual differencesHealth & A ; safetyTendering issuesDuty of atten tionThe three issues that will be analysed in greater deepness will be be aftering with regard to preservation & A ; protected constructions, wellness & A ; safety and contractual differences.St John’s college backgroundSt John’s College site is located at john’s hill, Richardson folly, Waterford metropolis ( fig.3 ) . Harmonizing to the national stock list of architectural heritage the edifice was constructed between the old ages 1865-1875. The college was originally designed by designer George Goldie [ 2 ] . The design of the edifice can be slackly termed the Gothic resurgence manner ( fig. 4 ) . The edifice is listed as protected constructions ( reg. no. 22830069 ) [ 3 ] while the entryway along Johns hill ( fig.5 ) is besides listed as a protected construction ( reg. no. 22830075 ) [ 4 ] . A full description of both these protected constructions can be found on the national stock list of architectural heritage web site. The original usage of the edifice was a theological college and this was the instance up until 1990’s when the edifice was closed due to a diminution in career [ 5 ] . The edifice has been left unoccupied now for a figure of old ages. In 2007 the respond lodging association in partnership with local authoritiess, communities and the section of environment purchased the college edifice and a part of the environing land with the purpose of lodging for the aged strategy [ 6 ] .Planing permission for protected constructionsIn order for the development to derive be aftering permission the developer will hold to plan programs that are in conformity with the Waterford metropolis council development program 2013 and the planning and development act 2000. This is due to the college edifice being listed as a protected construction ( reg. no. 22830069 ) . Before any planning permission can be received a full architectural heritage impact appraisal and an expert adviser survey must be carried out by a preservation specialize r that records the architectural important of the college and recommendations for preservation. The chief elements of plants to the protected constructions will be the fix and renovation of the college edifice. Prior to the beginning of any plants or fixs and refurbishments a written specification of plants and a works method statement should be submitted to the Waterford metropolis council for understanding in relation to the protected construction. All plants carried out in relation to the protected construction should be carried out in conformity with the best pattern preservation methodological analysiss ; the heritage councils published advice on rules of good pattern in direction of architectural heritage, these are as follows [ 7 ] :Avoidance of unneeded plants.Repair instead than replacing of deteriorated or damaged characteristics.Minimal intercession.Reversibility.Use designers and applied scientists trained in edifice preservation.In the planning and development act 2000 protected constructions are covered under portion IV subdivision 58 which states the followers: â€Å"Each proprietor and each occupier shall, to the extent consistent with the rights and duties originating out of their several involvements in a protected construction or a proposed protected construction, guarantee that the construction, or any component of it which contributes to its particular architectural, historical, archeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, societal or proficient involvement, is non endangered†. [ 8 ] With these judicial admissions being addressed and adhered to be aftering permission will hold a greater opportunity of being approved by the Waterford county council.Health and safetyThe plants carried out for this edifice will hold to follow with the safety, wellness and public assistance at plants ordinances 2013. These ordinances give counsel on the proper processs that must be in topographic point before and during building. First the client must name a undertaking supervisor for both the design procedure and the building phase. The client can be self-appointed if competent to set about the responsibilities involved. These individuals must be appointed before or at the design procedure phase and the beginning of the building phase. The client should besides be sensible satisfied that the individuals allocated will hold the resources to enable that individual to execute the responsibilities posed under these ordinance before the beginning of plants. [ 9 ]Health and safety programThis program gives the contractors command for the occupation and those working on site the safety issues specific to the undertaking. The program can be divided into two subdivisions: the pre-tender program and the concluding program. The pre-tender program should be orgainsed by the undertaking supervisor that will be appointed to the undertaking. This program should be prepared every bit shortly as possible when the undertaking is conceived and submitted as portion of the stamp certification. This program should besides put out all of the important safety hazards associated with the undertaking, hence leting the contractor to develop wellness and safety processs and systems for the undertaking. The Pre-tender program should incorporate the followers:Information such as the completion day of the month, site information, conditions and current usage etc.Foreseeable wellness and safety hazards in the design.The building methods recommended by the interior decorator.Any extra information the planning supervisor believes the contractors should be made cognizant of to digest the safety of workers.From here the chief contractor will be appointed and will go at that place duty to develop the program farther into its con cluding signifier. The client must so guarantee that this concluding program is developed to a high degree to allow building plants to get down. The concluding program should incorporate the followers:The wellness and safety direction regulations and processs developed for the site.The safety direction construction developed for the undertaking.Any issues the contractor may raise in hazard appraisal prepared in conformity with the safety, wellness and public assistance at plants ordinances 2013.Rules for supervising conformity with the program.Health and safety fileThe planning supervisor has the duty of fixing a wellness and safety file for all constructions that comprise the building undertaking. This file should incorporate the information on the construction design, building and how the edifice will be used by the residents. The followers should be in the completed wellness and safety file:Detailss of the building method and stuffs.A record of drawings and programs used througho ut the period of building.Detailss on the location and nature of public-service corporations and services.Detailss of equipment and care installations.Any information from the wellness and safety program that would be relevant for future undertakings.This file is to be made available for review by any individual e.g. sub-contractors who may necessitate it to follow with their statutory responsibilities or to any individual geting an involvement in the premises by the client.Contractual differencesOn big building undertakings contractual differences can frequently originate, this has become more common topographic point over the last figure of old ages due to the economic down bend. Construction undertaking participants are non willing or able to compromise and utilize hard currency to smooth over unsmooth musca volitanss hence differences arise and finally must be resolved in the legal system. For the intent of this study two countries of contractual differences will be examined in deepness, range of plants and building defects.Scope of plantsA range of plants is defined by the building contract between the owner/client and the contractor. All contractors involved in a building undertaking have a range of plants, the sub-contractors range of plants are contractually defined but different from the chief contractors. The range of plants set out by the proprietor should be really explicitly defined due to contractors non being contractually obliged to execute plants that are beyond the contractual range of plants. Harmonizing to the RIAI Standard Form of Contract: â€Å"For the consideration hereinafter mentioned the Contractor will upon and subject to the Conditions annexed hereto execute and finish the Works shown upon the Contract Drawings and/or described in the Specification, Bills of Quantities and Conditions all of which together with this understanding are hereafter referred to as the „Contract DocumentsaˆY[ 10 ]. In the event where the proprietor issues a alteration of order to the original range of work, this may be considered a breach of contract and can let the contractors to halt plant until both parties reach an understanding sing the alteration or excess plants that fall beyond the original contractual range of plants. In the instance of programs and specifications, differences can originate between the proprietor, contractors and design professionals when they interpret paperss otherwise, particularly when the description of plants in programs and specifications are ill-defined or equivocal. The proprietor has the implied guarantee that the programs and specifications are right, accurate and buildable. [ 11 ]Construction defectsConstruction defects can originate at two times, the first being during the building procedure while the 2nd being a good trade of clip after the building is finished, this is known as latent defects. Over the class of the building period the proprietor may place excess plants in the instance of defects that is either non in the original range of plants or non in conformity with the programs and specifications. A difference arises when the contractors do non hold with the owner’s averment of the faulty building. The contractors by and large allow the proprietor to order the replacing or fix of the faulty work. The contractors will so hold a claim against the proprietor at the terminal of the undertaking in the event that the contractors had conformed to the programs and specifications they received. The chance of this go oning during the building works at St John’s College is really prevailing as the edifice is really old and has non been occupied for some clip and some defects may non be evident during the first reviews of the edifice. In this instance it is the author’s sentiment that a clause should be stipulated in the contract with the chief contractor th at a certain sum of money should be held in keeping as a precaution against any defects that may originate during the building procedure. A latent defect can be defined as building defects that are non readily evident or ascertainable during an review of the completed plants. A building contract should include a latent defects clause so the proprietor of the belongings has a certain sum of clip to foreground a building defect. In the event when the clip frame in this latent clause expires the proprietor may still do the contractor accountable for the building defects. This can be when the contractor is in breach of contract or in a instance of responsibility of attention under carelessness jurisprudence. [ 12 ]Brooding acquisitionBibliographyBooksJohn Scriven, etel ( 1999 ) .a contractual usher to major building undertakings. London: Sweet & A ; Maxwell. John Uff ( 1996 ) .Construction jurisprudence. 6th erectile dysfunction. London: Sweet & A ; Maxwell.Susan Fink ( 1997 ) .Health and safety jurisprudence for the building industry. London: Thomas Telford.Web sites1870 – St. John’s College, Waterford.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //archiseek.com/2014/1870-st-johns-college-waterford/ . Last accessed 13/03/2015. 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Main Record – County Waterford.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp? type=record & A ; county=WA ®no=22830075. Last accessed 10/03/2015. Pull offing wellness and safety in building( 2007 ).Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.docs.csg.ed.ac.uk/EstatesBuildings/HealthandSafety/Managing_health_and_safety_in_construction.pdf. Last accessed 15/03/2015. Protected constructions.( 2011 ) . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.citizensinformation.ie/en/housing/building_or_altering_a_home/protected_structures.html. Last accessed 10/03/2015. Public Works Contract for edifice plants( 2014 ) . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //constructionprocurement.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/PW-CF1_Contract.pdf. Last accessed 10/03/2015. Safety, wellness and public assistance at work ( building ) ordinances 2013.( 2013 ) . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hsa.ie/eng/Legislation/New_Legislation/SI_291_2013.pdf. Last accessed 13/03/2015. Saint John ‘s College, Richardson ‘s Folly, Waterford, County Waterford.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp? type=record & A ; county=WA ®no=22830069. Last accessed 11/03/2015. St Johns College, Waterford.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mythenconstruction.ie/st-johns-college-waterford/ ( 2014 ) . Last accessed 11/03/2015. 1